Reconstrucción maxilofacial de la región orbitaria / Maxillofacial reconstruction of the orbital region

La región orbitaria representa una unidad estética funcional muy importante en la región facial. Se presenta un trabajo retrospectivo de un período de 20 años (2000-2020) de actividad pública-privada en el tratamiento de patología tumoral y traumática de la región orbitaria. Analizamos en 580 casos operados, 184 oncológicos y 396 traumáticos, diferentes aspectos comunes que intervienen en el tratamiento reconstructivo de la región: abordajes, técnicas quirúrgicas, consideraciones anatomofuncionales, principios básicos en cirugía maxilofacial orbitaria y complicaciones, resaltando la importancia del manejo correcto de los tejidos regionales en su reconstrucción. La mejor posibilidad para el paciente de lograr un buen resultado es con una operación primaria correcta. Sus complicaciones son de difícil tratamiento

The orbital region represents a very important functional aesthetic unit in the facial region. A retrospective study of a 20-year period (2000- 2020) of public-private activity in the treatment of tumor and traumatic pathology of the orbital region is presented. We analyzed in 580 operated cases, 184 oncological and 396 traumatic, different common aspects involved in the reconstructive treatment of the region: approaches, surgical techniques, anatomofunctional considerations, basic principles in orbital maxillofacial surgery and complications, highlighting the importance of the correct management of regional tissues in their reconstruction. The best possibility for the patient to achieve a good result is with a correct primary operation. Its complications are difficult to treat

Análisis médico legal de la fractura de órbita por "blow out" o estallido: reporte de caso / Medical-legal analysis of blow out fracture of the orbit: case report

La fractura orbitaria por estallido o fractura en "blow out" es una de las fracturas más comunes a nivel facial por lo que su importancia reside en saber identificarlas por el enmascaramiento clínico que podría o no, estar presente. Es de vital importancia complementar la valoración clínica con estudios de imagenología que confirmen las sospechas clínicas. De no hacerlo si el paciente no consulta a un servicio médico quirúrgico la pérdida de la capacidad funcional o la debilitación persistente en la salud ocasionada por la fractura no podrá ser validada en un Dictamen Médico Legal de Secuelas.

The orbital blow out fracture is one of the most common fractures at facial level, so its importance lies in knowing how to identify them due to the clinical masking that may or may not be present. It is of vital importance to complement the clinical evaluation with imaging studies to confirm the clinical suspicions. Otherwise, if the patient does not consult a surgical medical service, the loss of functional capacity or the persistent debilitation in health caused by the fracture cannot be validated in a Forensic Medical Report of Sequelae.

Neumomediastino secundario a fractura aislada de piso de órbita / Pneumomediastinum secondary to isolated fracture of orbit floorx

Resumen Introducción: El neumomediastino se define como la presencia de aire o gas dentro de los planos fasciales del mediastino. Por lo general, es un fenómeno secundario a perforaciones traumáticas del tracto aerodigestivo. El neumomediastino secundario a una fractura orbitaria es un evento raro. Se asocia a complicaciones potencialmente mortales como el neumotórax, el neumopericardio y la mediastinitis. Objetivo: Describir un caso de neumomediastino secundario a una fractura aislada de piso orbitario y su manejo médico-quirúrgico. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo femenino de 42 años que sufre traumatismo en regiones facial, cervical y torácica desarrollando secundariamente un enfisema subcutáneo panfacial y un neumomediastino, el cual se resuelve exitosamente. Discusión: El neumomediastino secundario a una fractura aislada de piso orbitario es un evento muy raro. El aire puede descender a lo largo de los espacios fasciales hasta el mediastino. En este sentido, sonarse la nariz es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar esta pa-tología. Conclusión: Ocurrido un trauma maxilofacial puede presentarse enfisemas de espacios profundos de la cabeza, cuello e incluso el mediastino.

Introduction: Pneumomediastinum is defined as the presence of air or gas within the fascial planes of the mediastinum. It is usually a phenomenon secondary to traumatic perforations of the aerodigestive tract. Pneumomediastinum secondary to an orbital fracture is a rare event. And it is related to life-threatening complications such as pneumothorax, pneumopericardium and mediastinitis. Aim: To describe a case of pneumomediastinum secondary to an isolated orbital floor fracture and its medical-surgical management. Clinical case: A 42-year-old female patient who suffers trauma to the facial, cervical and thoracic regions, secondary development of a subcutaneous panfacial emphysema and pneumomediastinum, which resolves successfully. Discussion: Pneumomediastinum following an isolated orbital floor fracture is a very rare event. The air can descend along the fascial spaces to the mediastinum. In this sense, blowing your nose is a risk factor to develop this pathology. Conclusion: After a maxillofacial trauma, emphysema of the deep spaces of the head, neck and even the mediastinum can occur

Intraoperative Computed Tomography Image Fusion for Orbital Blowout Fracture Reconstruction

ABSTRACT@#Intraoperative computed tomography (CT) has been previously described and acknowledged for its use in orbital blowout fracture reconstructions. We described a clinical case series managed by this technique combined with intraoperative image fusion for accuracy in orbital implant position. In total, eight patients who sustained a total number of 19 orbital wall fractures were described. From the total number of 19 blowout orbital fracture reconstructions comprised of medial and inferior (floor) orbital fractures, malposition was identified in a total of four orbital implants by using image fusion. All cases of implant malposition were immediately revised intraoperatively. Subsequent fusion was carried out to confirm whether the revision was satisfactorily achieved. We found that the intraoperative image fusion technique utilised to determine orbital implant position, especially at the posterior ledge, further augmented the role of intraoperative CT scanning. Image fusion conceptually provides an immediate, real-time, and objective solution for intraoperative image analysis and potentially eliminates problems with misaligned CT images. It also reduces the need for the surgeon to ‘eye-ball’ the CT images acquired or the need for additional intraoperative time, since the patient’s head orientation is always axially at random during the acquisition of the CT. Conventional methods for CT image assessment are subjected to one’s own interpretation and may introduce inconsistent or longer intraoperative decision-making. The technique facilitates intraoperative decision-making and reduces the risk of orbital implant malposition in orbital blowout fracture reconstructions. Hence, surgical complication in relation to orbital implant malposition in orbital blowout fracture management could be minimised. In addition, no further postoperative imaging is required.

Functional recovery time after facial fractures: characteristics and associated factors in a sample of patients from southern Brazil / Tempo de recuperação funcional após fraturas faciais: perfil e fatores associados em amostra de pacientes do sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Understanding the cause, severity, and elapsed time for the restoration of the functions of maxillofacial injuries can contribute to the establishment of clinical priorities aiming at effective treatment and further prevention of facial trauma. The objective of this study was to understand the factors associated with the restoration of mastication, ocular, and nasal functions in the face of trauma victims, estimating their recovery time after surgical treatment. We analyzed 114 medical records of patients treated at the Hospital Montenegro, who attended follow-up consultations for up to 180 days. For analysis of the recovery time, we performed survival analysis, followed by COX analysis. We observed that half of the patients recovered their functions within 20 days. The average time for recovery from trauma in the zygomatic-orbital-malar-nasal complex was 11 days, and in the maxillary-mandibular complex, 21 days (HR: 1.5 [0.99 2.3], p = 0.055). Although functional reestablishment has reached high rates after the surgical approach, it is necessary to analyze the failing cases, as well as the economic impacts and the prevention strategies associated with facial trauma, to improve the service to the population.

RESUMO O entendimento da causa, da gravidade e do tempo decorrido para o restabelecimento das funções de lesões maxilofaciais pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de prioridades clínicas objetivando o efetivo tratamento e prevenção dos traumatismos de face. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender quais os fatores associados ao restabelecimento das funções mastigatórias, oculares e nasais em vítimas de trauma de face, estimando o tempo para recuperação das funções, após o tratamento cirúrgico. Foram analisados 114 prontuários de pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Montenegro que compareceram às consultas de acompanhamento por até 180 dias. Para a análise do tempo para a recuperação, foi realizada a análise de sobrevida, seguida da análise de COX. Observou-se que metade dos pacientes recuperaram as funções em até 20 dias, sendo que o tempo médio para recuperação dos traumas no complexo zigomático-orbitário-malar-nasal foi de 11 dias e do complexo maxilo - mandibular de 21 dias (HR: 1,5 (0,99 - 2,3) p=0,055). Embora o restabelecimento das funções tenha atingido taxas elevadas após abordagem cirúrgicas, faz-se necessária a análise dos casos de insucessos bem como os impactos econômicos e as estratégias de prevenção associados aos traumas de face a fim de qualificar o serviço prestado à população.

Abordaje transconjuntival en comparación con abordaje subciliar para el tratamiento de fracturas orbitarias / Transconjunctival versus subciliary approach for the treatment of orbital fractures

RESUMEN: Introducción: Los abordajes transconjuntival preseptal y subciliar han sido ampliamente utilizados para el manejo quirúrgico de las fracturas orbitarias. Sin embargo, aún existe incertidumbre sobre las complicaciones asociadas a cada uno de estos abordajes. Métodos: Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios. Realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. Resultados y conclusiones: Identificamos seis revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron 21 estudios primarios, de los cuales cuatro corresponden a ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que el abordaje transconjuntival preseptal podría disminuir tanto la incidencia de ectropión como de un resultado estético insatisfactorio, pero la certeza de la evidencia es baja. Además, este abordaje probablemente disminuye el riesgo de complicaciones intra y postoperatorias, tales como diplopía, parestesia transitoria, equimosis, exposición escleral, laceración del plato tarsal y laceración palpebral inferior. Por otro lado, el abordaje transconjuntival podría aumentar el riesgo de entropión, pero la certeza de la evidencia también es baja.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The preseptal transconjunctival and subciliary approach have been widely used for the surgical management of orbital fractures. However, there is still uncertainty about the complications associated with each of these approaches. Methods: We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. Results and conclusions: We identified six systematic reviews that included 21 primary studies, four of which correspond to randomized trials. We conclude that the preseptal transconjunctival approach could decrease the incidence of ectropion and an unsatisfactory aesthetic result, but the certainty of the evidence is low. Furthermore, this approach probably decreases the risk of intra and postoperative complications, such as diplopia, transient paresthesia, ecchymosis, scleral show, tarsal plate laceration and lower palpebral laceration. On the other hand, the transconjunctival approach could increase the risk of entropion, but the certainty of the evidence is also low.

Treatment of naso-orbito-etmoidal Type III fracture in adolescents: case report / Tratamiento de la fractura naso-orbito-etmoidal Tipo III en adolescentes: relato de un caso

The naso-orbito-ethmoidal region is composed of delicate bones and when fractured may result in significant aesthetic-functional impairment. Diagnosis through clinical and imaging findings is extremely important for surgical planning. This study aims to report a case of type III fracture of the naso-orbito-ethmoidal region. Patient D.R.S., female, 13 years old, attended the emergency department of Hospital dos Fornecedores de Cana de Piracicaba (HFCP) - SP with complaint of pain in the fronto-nasal region and respiratory distress after trauma in face of baseball bat. Physical examination showed edema and short blunt injury in the region of the nasal dorsum and frontal region, bilateral periorbital hematoma, hyposphagma in right eye and traumatic telecanthus. When analyzing the computed tomography, it was observed fracture of the nasal bones, also affecting the medial wall of the orbit. The procedure was osteosynthesis of the fractures and reconstruction of the nasal dorsum. The fracture traces were exposed from coronal access, reduction of fractures and use of calvarial bone graft for nasal dorsum reconstruction. The fracture and the graft were fixed with plates of 1,6mm. Postoperative computed tomography analysis showed good graft positioning, but there was still a slight sinking of the left lateral wall of the nose. In a second moment another surgical intervention was done to reduce this wall and an internal containment device was installed. Currently the patient is in a state of observation and a follow-up period of 665 days. In cases of complex nasoorbito-ethmoidal fractures early diagnosis and treatment is essential to minimize sequelae and provide a better aesthetic and functional result.

La región etmoidal nasoorbital está compuesta de huesos delicados y, cuando se fractura, puede provocar una lesión estética-funcional significativa. El diagnóstico mediante hallazgos clínicos y de imagen es de suma importancia para la planificación quirúrgica. El paciente D.R.S., mujer, 13 años, leucoderma, asistió al servicio de emergencia del Hospital de Proveedores de Caña de Azúcar de Piracicaba quejándose de dolor en la región frontal-nasal y dificultad para respirar después de un traumatismo en la cara con un palo. El examen físico reveló edema y lesión contundente en el dorso nasal y la región frontal, hematoma periorbitario bilateral, hiposfagma del ojo derecho y telecanto traumático. Al analizar la tomografía computarizada se observó fractura de los huesosnasales en libro abierto, afectando también la pared medial de la órbita. El enfoque aplicado fue la osteosíntesis de fracturas y la reconstrucción del dorso nasal. Los rastros de fractura se expusieron del abordaje coronal, se redujeron las fracturas y se usaron injertos de casquete para reconstruir el dorso nasal. La fractura y el injerto se fijaron con placas de sistema de 1,6 mm y se realizó la cantopexia de los ligamentos cantales mediales. Se requirió cirugía reparadora secundaria para la corrección de la pared lateral de la nariz, que persistió en el postoperatorio. Actualmente el paciente se encuentra en un estado de conservación y período de seguimiento de 665 días. En casos de fracturas nasoorbitales-etmoidales complejas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento tempranos son esenciales para minimizar las secuelas y proporcionar un mejor resultado estético y funcional.

Remoção de um corpo estranho incomum decorrente de trauma orbital: relato de caso / Removal of an unusual strange body arising from orbital trauma: case report

Introdução: Trauma contuso e penetrante na região orbital pode ter um efeito devastador, tanto funcional quanto estético para a órbita e estruturas adjacentes. Uma inspeção meticulosa das pálpebras e do globo deve ser realizada e, se houver suspeita de retenção de um corpo estranho dentro dos tecidos moles orbitais, deve ser obtida uma tomografia computadorizada (TC). O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar um caso clínico de trauma óculo-orbitário severo ocasionado por acidente com animal. Relato de caso: paciente de 22 anos do gênero masculino apresentou-se em um hospital de referência em trauma na cidade de Campina Grande-PB, com história de acidente com cavalo e colisão em cerca de madeira. A tomografia revelou que havia a presença de um corpo estranho (CE) de madeira que apresentava uma forma pontiaguda e proximidade com estruturas como músculos, vasos e nervos da órbita, além da presença de fratura no assoalho da órbita. Considerações finais: A presença de CE de madeira deve sempre ser investigada quando há trauma direto na cavidade orbitária, pois a madeira é áspera e contém uma grande quantidade de bactérias e parasitas. Sendo assim, deve ser removido o mais precocemente possível a fim de se evitar complicações infecciosas... (AU)

Introduction: Blunt and penetrating trauma to the orbital region can have a devastating effect, both functional and aesthetic for the orbit and adjacent structures. Meticulous inspection of the eyelids and the globe should be performed and, if a foreign body is suspected to be retained within the orbital soft tissues, a computed tomography (CT) scan should be obtained. The aim of the present study was to report a clinical case of severe oculo-orbital trauma caused by an accident with an animal. Case report: a 22-year-old male patient presented at a trauma referral hospital in the city of Campina Grande-PB, with a history of accident with a horse and collision on a wooden fence. The tomography revealed that there was the presence of a wooden foreign body (EC) that had a pointed shape and proximity to structures such as muscles, vessels and nerves in the orbit, in addition to the presence of a fracture in the orbit floor. Final considerations: The presence of wood CE should always be investigated when there is direct trauma to the orbital cavity, as the wood is rough and contains a large amount of bacteria and parasites. Therefore, it should be removed as early as possible in order to avoid infectious complications... (AU)

Big Data Statistical Analysis of Facial Fractures in Korea

BACKGROUND: The big data provided by Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) contains data from nearly all Korean populations enrolled in the National Health Insurance Service. We aimed to identify the incidence of facial fractures and its trends in Korea using this big data from HIRA.METHODS: We used the Korean Standard Classification of Disease and Cause of Death 6, 7 for diagnosis codes. A total of 582,318 patients were included in the final analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software and SPSS software.RESULTS: The incidence of facial fractures consistently declined, from 107,695 cases in 2011 to 87,306 cases in 2016. The incidence of facial fractures was the highest in June 2011 (n = 26,423) and lowest in January 2014 (n = 10,282). Nasal bone fractures were the most common, followed by orbit and frontal sinus fractures. The percentage of nasal bone fractures declined, whereas those of orbital fractures increased from 2011 to 2016 (P < 0.001). Among orbital fractures, inferior wall fractures were the most common, followed by medial wall fractures. Among mandibular fractures, angle fractures were the most common, followed by condylar process and symphysis fractures. Although it was difficult to predict the most common type of zygomatic and maxilla fractures, their incidence consistently declined since 2011.CONCLUSION: We observed trends in facial fractures in Korea using big data including information for nearly all nations in Korea. Therefore, it is possible to predict the incidence of facial fractures. This study is meaningful in that it is the first study that investigated the incidence of facial fractures by specific type.

Treatment of Blowout fracture with video-assisted surgery / Tratamento de fratura Blowout com auxílio de vídeo-cirurgia

ABSTRACT Posterior fractures of the orbital floor are challenging, since an incomplete visualization of the defect through conventional surgical accesses may compromise the surgical outcome. The use of the endoscope as an auxiliary method during orbital reconstructions may be considered as a tool of considerable importance, mainly due to the visualization of the whole extension of fracture and adaptation of meshes or bone grafts. This study aims to report a clinical case of a patient diagnosed with extensive blowout fracture showing diplopy, enophthalmos, and ophthalmoplegia in supraversion, who underwent a subciliary approach combined with transantral video assisted surgery. There were no intercurrences on the procedure. Currently, patient has 1 year of follow up, with reestablished orbital function and architecture.

RESUMO As fraturas posteriores do assoalho orbital são desafiadoras, visto que a incompleta visualização do defeito por meio dos acessos cirúrgicos convencionais poderá comprometer o resultado cirúrgico. O uso do endoscópio como método auxiliar durante as reconstruções orbitais pode ser considerado uma ferramenta de grande importância principalmente para visualização de toda a extensão da fratura e adaptação das malhas ou enxertos ósseos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso clínico de um paciente diagnosticado com uma extensa fratura blowout apresentando clinicamente diplopia, enoftalmo e oftalmoplegia em supraversão, o qual foi submetido a tratamento através da abordagem subciliar combinada com a cirurgia vídeo-assistida transantral. O procedimento foi realizado sem intercorrências, estando o paciente com 1 ano de acompanhamento, com função e arquitetura orbital restabelecidos.

Acessos cirúrgicos combinados para tratamento de fraturas em assoalho orbital e lâmina papirácea: relato de caso / Combined surgical accesses for treatment of fractures in the orbital floor and lamina papyracea: case repor

A região orbitária é bastante suscetível a traumas, visto que apresenta uma posição exposta, além de ser composta por ossos frágeis. Quando indicada, é preciso intervenção cirúrgica para preservar a função visual e harmonia facial do paciente. Os acessos transconjuntival e transcaruncular são descritos na literatura como formas seguras, rápidas, funcionais e esteticamente benéficas para a abordagem ao assoalho orbitário e lâmina papirácea. Sobre os materiais biocompatíveis utilizados, a placa de titânio é inabsorvível e permite fixação interna rígida, moldada às curvaturas naturais dos ossos, com baixo risco de infecção. As folhas de polietileno poroso são polímeros inertes e não absorvíveis que facilitam o crescimento de tecido e reduzem as chances de rejeição. Nesse relato de caso, evidencia-se paciente masculino, 28 anos, vítima de traumatismo facial após prática esportiva que apresentou fratura de assoalho e parede medial orbitária direita, com indicação de reconstrução orbitária com acessos transconjuntival e transcaruncular para fixação de placa de titânio em assoalho da órbita direita e de folhas de polietileno poroso em lâmina papirácea à direita, respectivamente (AU)

The orbital region is quite susceptible to trauma, since it has an exposed position, besides being com-posed of fragile bones. When indicated, surgical intervention is required to preserve the patient's visual function and facial harmony. Transconjunctival and transcaruncular accesses are described in the literatu-re as safe, fast, functional and with esthetic benefits for the approach to the orbital floor and papyraceous lamina. Among the biocompatible materials used, the titanium plate does not undergo resorption and allows rigid internal fixation, being shaped to the natural curvatures of the bones, with low risk of infec-tion. Porous polyethylene sheets are inert and nonabsorbable polymers that facilitate tissue growth an reduce the chances of rejection. In this case report, a 28-year-old male patient, a victim of facial trauma after sports practice presented a fracture of the floor and the right orbital medial wall, and orbital recons-truction was indicated with transconjunctival and transcaruncular accesses for fixation of titanium plate in the floor of the right orbit and porous polyethylene sheets in papyracea leaf on the right, respectively (AU)

Caracterización sociodemográfica y clínica del trauma maxilofacial en un hospital de referencia de Bogotá / Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of maxillofacial injuries in a tertiary hospital in Bogotá

Introducción: el trauma maxilofacial es un motivo de consulta frecuente, y puede llevar a daño funcional, estético y emocional. Existen estudios previos sobre su epidemiología, sin embargo, sabemos que esta cambia a través del tiempo porque está determinada por diversos factores. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características del trauma maxilofacial en un hospital de referencia de Bogotá. Diseño: estudio observacional descriptivo. Metodología: Se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes mayores de 18 años que ingresaron por urgencias a la Unidad de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital San José entre el 2013 y 2017. Se calculó frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las variables cualitativas. Resultados: se obtuvieron 391 pacientes. La mayoría fueron hombres (76,3 %) entre los 30-49 años. Las causas más comunes son la violencia (36,8 %) y los accidentes de tránsito (25 %). Las fracturas más frecuentes fueron las de huesos propios nasales (52 %). De las fracturas mandibulares, las más prevalentes fueron las fracturas condilares y subcondilares, ángulo y cuerpo con 21,4 % cada una. El tratamiento más usado fue el manejo médico (52,9 %). Discusión: el trauma maxilofacial es una patología frecuente en hombres adultos jóvenes. Sin embargo, el tipo de fractura y etiología podría estar influenciado por factores como el sexo y la edad. La causa más común es la violencia y los accidentes de tránsito, las cuales son potencialmente prevenibles. Esto debe servir como referencia para incitar a la realización de medidas preventivas para estas situaciones.

Background: Nowdays, the maxilofacial injuries are a common cause for consultation in the emergency department. These kinds of fractures may cause functional, and emotional damage. There are many publication about the epidemiology of maxilofacial trauma. Nevertheless, this data can change through the time. The aim of this study was to describe the maxilofacial injuries in a tertiary hospital in Bogotá. Desing: observational study. Methods: We retrospectibly assessed 391 medical records from the department of maxilofacial surgery in our Hospital during the period between 2013 to 2017. We include patients over 18 years admitted in the emergency department, we exclude patients seeing in the outpatients clinic. All the cases were assessed according age, sex, etiology and type of the fractures, in addition, we analyzed the treatment modalities. Results: We recolected 391 medical records. The majority of the facial fractures were man (76.3 %) between 30 and 49 years old. The most common cause of maxilofacial fracture was violence (36.8 %). The most common fracture site was nasal bones (52 %). Within the mandibular fractures the most common was the condylar, subcondylar fracture and body (21 % each). 53 % of cases were treated with conservative methods. Conclusion: The maxilofacial injuries are a common in our service especially in young men. Moreover depending on the sex and age we could observed diferents etiologies and typess of fracture. Mostly of the cases were for violence reasons or traffic accidents, which are preventable causes. This information is importante for public health awarness and it can be use as a referral for prevental measures for this situations.

Using Computed Tomography: Predictive Factors for Recovery Time in Patients with Orbital Fracture with Diplopia

PURPOSE: To identify predictive factors for recovery time in patients with orbital fracture with diplopia through analysis of preoperative and postoperative computed tomography (CT) images and postoperative recovery time. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed CT findings-preoperative: fracture size, type of fracture, fracture site, extraocular muscle (EOM) swelling, EOM and soft tissue injury, and the amount of soft tissue herniation; post-operative: degree of enophthalmos, and diplopia recovery period in 379 patients who underwent surgical treatment for orbital fracture between March 2006 and December 2015. RESULTS: The average postoperative follow-up period was 556.2 ± 59.5 days, and the mean duration of recovery was 23.9 ± 42.5 (range, 3–186) days. The recovery time of diplopia was significantly increased with the following preoperative CT findings: fracture size (small and medium < large) (p = 0.049), type of fracture (linear < hinge < comminuted, trap-door) (p < 0.01), fracture site (inferior < medial and both) (p < 0.01), EOM and soft tissue injury (prolapse and torsion, muscle entrapment, kinked muscle) (p < 0.01), and the amount of soft tissue herniation (small and medium < large) (p < 0.001). The mechanism of injury, sex, age, and the degree of enophthalmos were not related to the length of the diplopia recovery period. CONCLUSIONS: The length of diplopia recovery could be predicted by CT findings.

Expert consensus on navigation-guided unilateral orbital fractures and orbital floor reconstruction techniques / 中华口腔医学杂志

Orbital fractures and orbital floor reconstruction surgery is characterized by limited surgical exposure and high risks. Before the advent of digital technology, the design and implementation of the surgical scheme of orbital floor reconstruction surgery mainly depended on the intuitive understanding of imaging and the clinical experience of the surgeons, with strong unpredictability and experience dependence.Surgical navigation systems with real-time positioning and imaging functions, when used in orbital reconstruction surgery, can detect the real-time intraoperative position, avoid risks, and assist locating the reconstruction position to ensure the accuracy of orbital reconstruction, with the help of a preoperative surgical plan. Many studies have confirmed its effect. Unilateral orbital fractures and orbital floor reconstruction surgery is one of the earliest and most widely used surgical techniques in maxillofacial surgery. Experts from the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Committee of the Chinese Stomatological Association have fully discussed and formulated this expert consensus on navigation-guided unilateral orbital fractures and orbital floor reconstruction techniques, to standardize the clinical surgical procedures and promote its application.

Clinical outcome after orbital floor fracture reduction with special regard to patient's satisfaction / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Primary reconstruction via transconjunctival approach is a standardized treatment option for orbital floor fractures. The aim of this study was to compare the findings of specific ophthalmologic assessment with the patient's complaints after fracture reduction.@*METHODS@#A retrospective medical chart analysis was performed on patients who had undergone transconjunctival orbital floor fracture reduction for fracture therapy with resorbable foil (ethisorb sheet or polydioxanone foil). A follow-up assessment including ophthalmological evaluation regarding visual acuity (eye chart projector), binocular visual field screening (Bagolini striated glasses test) and diplopia (cover test, Hess screen test) was conducted. Additionally, a questionnaire was performed to assess patients' satisfaction.@*RESULTS@#A total of 53 patients with a mean follow-up of 23 months (ranging from 11 to 72) after surgical therapy were included. Diplopia was present preoperatively in 23 (43.4%) and reduced in follow-up examination (n = 12, 22.6%). Limitations in ocular motility reduced from 37.7% to 7.5%. The questionnaire about the patient's satisfaction revealed excellent outcomes in relation to the functional and esthetical parameters.@*CONCLUSION@#Transconjunctival approach is a safe approach for orbital fracture therapy. Postoperative diplopia is nearly never perceptible for the individual and differs to pathologic findings in the ophthalmic assessment.

Orbital wall restoring surgery with primary orbital wall fragments in blowout fracture

Most orbital surgeons believe that it's difficult to restore the primary orbital wall to its previous position and that the orbital wall is so thin that cannot be firmly its primary position. Therefore, orbital wall fractures generally have been reconstructed by replacing the bony defect with a synthetic implant. Although synthetic implants have sufficient strength to maintain their shape and position in the orbital cavity, replacement surgery has some drawbacks due to the residual permanent implants. In previous studies, the author has reported an orbital wall restoring technique in which the primary orbital wall fragment was restored to its prior position through a combination of the transorbital and transantral approaches. Simple straight and curved elevators were introduced transnasally to restore the orbital wall and to maintain temporary extraorbital support in the maxillary and ethmoid sinus. A transconjunctival approach provided sufficient space for implant insertion, while the transnasal approach enabled restoration of the herniated soft tissue back into the orbit. Fracture defect was reduced by restoring the primary orbital wall fragment to its primary position, making it possible to use relatively small size implant, furthermore, extraorbital support from both sinuses decreased the incidence of implant displacement. The author could recreate a natural shape of the orbit with the patient's own orbital bone fragments with this dual approach and effectively restored the orbital volume and shape. This procedure has the advantages for retrieving the orbital contents and restoring the primary orbital wall to its prior position.

Management of Orbital Blowout Fractures: ENT Surgeon's Perspective

Approach for naso-orbito-ethmoidal fracture

The purpose of this study is to discuss several approaches to addressing naso-orbito-ethmoidal (NOE) fracture. Orbital fracture, especially infraorbital fracture, can be treated through the transconjunctival approach easily. However, in more severe cases, for example, fracture extending to the medial orbital wall or zygomatico-frontal suture line, only transconjunctival incision is insufficient to secure good surgical field. And, it also has risk of tearing the conjunctiva, which could injure the lacrimal duct. Also, in most complex types of facial fracture such as NOE fracture or panfacial fracture, destruction of the structure often occurs, for example, trap-door deformity; a fracture of orbital floor where the inferiorly displaced blowout facture recoils to its original position, or vertical folding deformity; fractured fragments are displaced under the other fragments, causing multiple-packed layers of bone.

Trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential test as an evaluation tool for infraorbital nerve damage

BACKGROUND: Neurosensory changes are frequently observed in the patients with mid-face fractures, and these symptoms are often caused by infraorbital nerve (ION) damage. Although ION damage is a relatively common phenomenon, there are no established and objective methods to evaluate it. The aim of this study was to test whether trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential (TSEP) could be used as a prognostic predictor of ION damage and TSEP testing was an objective method to evaluate ION injury. METHODS: In this prospective TSEP study, 48 patients with unilateral mid-face fracture (only unilateral blow out fracture and unilateral zygomaticomaxillary fracture were included) and potential ION damages were enrolled. Both sides of the face were examined with TSEP and the non-traumatized side of the face was used as control. We calculated the latency difference between the affected and the unaffected sides. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients recovered within 3 months, and 21 patients took more than 3 months to recover. The average latency difference between the affected side and unaffected side was 1.4 and 4.1 ms for the group that recovered within 3 months and the group that recovered after 3 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients who suffered ION damage showed prolonged latency when examined using the TSEP test. TSEP is an effective tool for evaluation of nerve injury and predicting the recovery of patients with ION damage.